NOTES on: Child Development
Motor Development 0-18 Months -- Ainsworth's Phases of Attachment -- The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale -- Drawing Sequence / Evolution of Spontaneous Abilities -- Erick Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Dilemma -- Selman's Role-Taking Levels -- Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development -- Language Development -- Parten's Play Stages -- Piaget's Cognitive Stages -- Piaget's - Cognitive Operations -- Contrasting Characteristics of Prenatal and Postnatal Life -- Stages of Prenatal Development
Notes from: Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology, Exploration and Application. St. Paul: West Publishing Company, 1989; Zigler, Edward F. and Matia Finn-Stevensen, Yale University. Children, Development and Social Issues, D.C. Heath and Company, Lexington, MA & Toronto, 1987.
Moro. Out from trunk with arms and in. First inspiration/expiration. A kind of startling reflex.
Rooting. Searching for food.
Sucking. Feeding.
Grasping. Of foot and hand. When hand to mouth begins the hand grasping stops.
Asymmetric tonic neck. Like en garde in fencing. One leg or arm out straight--others flexed in-- head to side.
Stepping. Propelling out. Setting up reciprocal.
Righting action. Begins during infancy. Head will right. Vertical orientation.
Equilibrium reaction. Catching oneself in reaction to shift in center of gravity--will throw out hands or arm or leg.
Protective reaction. Will try to catch oneself when thrown forward.
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENTS - By Stages
The new born child:
A lot of flexion (being bent in). Pull the leg and it springs right back.
Not able to move against gravity. May turn head to side, but can't bring head up.
Mouth to hand (not hand to mouth).
At 4 months:
Can pick up head and work against gravity.
Fatter.
Legs moving a bit.
Some foot play.
Starts some directive reaching. Can use motor system to reach to object.
Can grasp, but not much awareness of object.
The beginning of awareness and control of head & hand.
Holding on but not real controlled.
Drooling when really concentrating--forget to swallow.
Hand to mouth begins--fisted hand--grasp still there.
At 7 months:
Sitting balance--freeing hand for manipulation. Can sit and play.
Weight shifting to free self. Can get from one position to another--from sit to crawl or back into a crawl. Rocking.
Beginnings of mobility--combat crawl (legs dragging)--can get to where they want to go.
Hand more relaxed. Useful in weight shifting--wider base of support.
Start to develop control of thumb side of hand. Generally no hand preference yet.
Control of hand diminishes towards heal.
A lot of playing of object from one hand to the other--banging two cubes together--acting on the environment--resistance, sound.
Can't let go yet. Can grasp and hold but can not purposefully let go.
At 9 months:
Creeping on all four or knees straight.
Sits and can twist.
More flexible positions and ability to get in and out of them.
Cruising! Sideways steps. Uses the arms rather than the trunk and legs for balance.
Control in placing objects in a line (more often horizontal before vertical).
Starts isolating the two smartest fingers--the thumb and index fingers.
Containers and boxes are most interesting. Lots of putting in and taking out.
Creativity and flexibility in learning motor control.
The "High Quard" position of arms--arms up to catch the self.
At 18 months:
Discrete fine motor ability (motor or cognitive--fit peg in peg board).
[Notes from: Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology, Exploration and Application. St. Paul: West Publishing Company, 1989; Zigler, Edward F. and Matia Finn-Stevensen, Yale University. Children, Development and Social Issues, D.C. Heath and Company, Lexington, MA & Toronto, 1987.]
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